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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,第五章,環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué),單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,

2、第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,Erosion,New Words&Phrases,Erosion:,The group of natural processes,including weathering,dissolution,abrasion,(磨損）,corrosion,（腐蝕）,and transportation,by which material is,worn away,（磨損）,from the earths surface.,腐蝕，侵蝕：指使材料從地表磨損、消耗的一組自然過程，包括風(fēng)化、溶解、磨蝕、浪蝕、腐蝕和搬運(yùn),.,fluvial erosion,河流侵蝕,geolo

3、gic erosion,地質(zhì)侵蝕,loess erosion,黃土侵蝕,rainfall erosion,降雨侵蝕,river erosion,河流侵蝕,sheet erosion,片狀侵蝕,stream bank erosion,河岸侵蝕,wind erosion,風(fēng)蝕,沖積層：河床、沖積平原或三角洲中的流水淤積所產(chǎn)生的沉積層,.,Alluviuml(j)uv,i,m:,Sediment deposited by flowing water,as in a riverbed,flood plain,or delta.,alluvial,：沖積,的，淤積的.,Erode:,To wear(so

4、mething)away by or as if by abrasion;To cause to diminish,（減?。?deteriorate,（惡化）,or disappear as if by eating into or wearing away.,腐蝕；侵蝕：（象）被磨擦損耗掉,;侵蝕掉，腐蝕掉：象磨蝕、侵蝕那樣使減少、減弱或消失.,Silt:,1）n,.（名詞）,A sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles intermediate in size between,sand,and,clay,；,泥沙，淤泥：由

5、大小介于,沙,和,泥,之間的非常細(xì)小的微粒 構(gòu)成的沉淀性物質(zhì),2）v.intr.,（不及物動(dòng)詞）,To become filled with silt;,被淤塞：使塞滿泥沙,3)v.tr.,（及物動(dòng)詞）,To fill,cover,or obstruct with silt.,使淤積：用沙充滿、覆蓋或阻礙,Siltation,：沖積,作用，淤積作用.,耕地：,已耕作的土地,耕種：開墾土地,Tillage:,Land that has been tilled,（耕種，耕耘）,;,Cultivation,（耕種）,of land.,黃土：一種風(fēng)沉積而成的顆粒細(xì)小、含鈣質(zhì)的沙或泥土，呈淺黃色或黃褐色

6、.,Loess:,A buff to gray windblown,（被風(fēng)吹的）,deposit of fine-grained,calcareous,（鈣化的）,silt or clay.,一、礦物質(zhì)土,粒,石礫：,1mm,砂粒：1-0.05mm,粉粒：0.05-0.002mm,粘粒：,0.002mm,土壤剖面結(jié)構(gòu),蒸散,TEXT,Erosion is an important natural process,rusulting in the redistribution of the products of geologic weathering,and is part of both s

7、oil formation and soil loss.The worlds landscapes have sculpted(雕刻）by erosion.When the results are spectacular enough,we enshrine（銘記）them in national parks as we did with the Grand Canyon（峽谷）.Where erosion has worn down mountains and spread soil over the plains,or deposited rich alluvial silt in riv

8、er bottomes,we galdly farm it.Erosion is a disaster only when it occurs in the wrong place at the wrong time.,Erosion is an important natural process,rusulting in the redistribution of the products of geologic weathering,and is part of both soil formation and soil loss.,侵蝕是一個(gè)重要的自然過程，它導(dǎo)致了地質(zhì)風(fēng)化的產(chǎn)物的重新分配

9、，是土壤形成和流失的部分原因。,The worlds landscapes have sculpted(雕刻）by erosion.,世界的地形和地貌就是由于侵蝕的作用而形成的。,When the results are spectacular enough,we enshrine（銘記）them in national parks as we did with the Grand Canyon.,有時(shí)候，侵蝕的效果如此壯觀，以至于我們用國家公園把它銘記下來，如美國的大峽谷。,Where erosion has worn down mountains and spread soil over

10、the plains,or deposited rich alluvial silt in river bottomes,we galdly farm it.,當(dāng)侵蝕慢慢磨損了山脈，并使平原覆蓋了土壤，或者在河流底部形成富饒的底泥，人們會(huì)非常高興有了可耕地。,Erosion is a disaster only when it occurs in the wrong place at the wrong time.,只有當(dāng)侵蝕在錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)間和錯(cuò)誤的地方發(fā)生時(shí)，它才會(huì)成為一種災(zāi)難。,In some places,erosion occurs so rapidly that anyone can s

11、ee it happen.Deep gullies（沖溝）are created where water scours away（沖刷）the soil,leaving fence posts and trees sitting on tall pedestals（地基）as the land erodes away around them.In most places,however,erosion is subtler（微妙的）.It is a creeping disaster that occurs in small increments（增量）.,A thin layer of to

12、p soil is washed off fields year after year until eventually nothing is left but poor-quality sub-soil that requires more and more fertilizer and water to produce any crop at all.,In some places,erosion occurs so rapidly that anyone can see it happen.,在某些地區(qū)，侵蝕的速度是如此之快，任何一個(gè)人都可以看見它的發(fā)生。,Deep gullies ar

13、e created where water scours away the soil,leaving fence posts and trees sitting on tall pedestals as the land erodes away around them.,當(dāng)土壤受到水的沖刷，地表就形成了深深的溝壑，由于周圍的土壤被沖走，只剩下樹木和柵欄還樹立在高高的地基上。,In most places,however,erosion is subtler.,然而，在大多數(shù)地區(qū)，侵蝕發(fā)生的更微弱些。,It is a creeping disaster that occurs in small

14、increments.,它（侵蝕）只是以很小的增量緩慢地發(fā)展成一場災(zāi)難。,A thin layer of top soil is washed off fields year after year until eventually nothing is left but poor-quality sub-soil that requires more and more fertilizer and water to produce any crop at all.,表層土壤年復(fù)一年地被沖刷著，直到最后除了下層貧瘠的土壤什么也沒有留下，為了產(chǎn)出莊稼需要越來越多的化肥和水。,The net eff

15、ect,worldwide,of this general,wide spread top soil erosion is a reduction in crop production equivalent to removing about 1%of world cropland each year.,Many farmers are able to compensate for this loss by applying more fertilizer and by bringing new land into cultivation.Continuation of current ero

16、sion rates,however,could reduce agricultural production 25%in Central America and Africa and 20%in South America by the year 2000.,The total annual soil loss from croplands is thought to be 25 billion,metric tons,（公噸）,.About twice that much soil is lost from,rangelands,(牧場）,forests,and urban construction sites each year.,The net effect,worldwide,of this general,wide spread top soil erosion is a reduction in crop production equivalent to removing about 1%of world cropland each year.,在世界范圍內(nèi)，這種大規(guī)模的