環(huán)境科學(xué)的關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題,*,劉金源,國(guó)立中,山,山大學(xué),海,海洋科,學(xué),學(xué)學(xué)院,院,院長(zhǎng),海下科,技,技暨應(yīng),用,用海洋,物,物理研,究,究所,教,教授兼,所,所長(zhǎng),環(huán)境科,學(xué),學(xué)的基,本,本議題,1,閱讀資,料,料,Chapter 1,Basic IssuesinEnvironmental Science,Chapter 2,Thinking Criticallyaboutthe EnvironmentinD.B.BotkinandE.A.Keller,2003,Environmental Science,Earthasa LivingPlanet,4thedition,John Wiley,2,人類的,文,文明仰,賴,賴能源,：,：工業(yè),革,革命,經(jīng)濟(jì)的,發(fā),發(fā)展快,速,速消耗,能,能源,能源取,自,自於自,然,然：石,油,油、天,然,然氣、,煤,煤,能源的,萃,萃取與,輸,輸送造,成,成環(huán)境,的,的衝擊,能源政,策,策是社,會(huì),會(huì)與政,治,治議題,能源問(wèn),題,題是社,會(huì),會(huì)問(wèn)題,（,（人類,行,行為所,造,造成的,問(wèn),問(wèn)題）,能源,環(huán)境,3,以臺(tái),灣,灣為例,核三廠,廢,廢水排,放,放造成,魚(yú),魚(yú)類變,形,形？,核廢料,儲(chǔ),儲(chǔ)存,居民,抗,抗?fàn)?核四興,建,建的問(wèn),題,題,環(huán)境問(wèn),題,題是社,會(huì),會(huì)問(wèn)題,：,：核四,公,公投,能源問(wèn),題,題是社,會(huì),會(huì)與政,治,治議題,能源,環(huán)境,4,陸域的,水,水產(chǎn)養(yǎng),殖,殖造成,地,地層下,陷,陷的問(wèn),題,題,珊瑚白,化,化問(wèn)題,能源問(wèn),題,題只是,環(huán),環(huán)境問(wèn),題,題的一,部,部份,由於人,類,類大量,的,的消耗,能,能源，,能,能源問(wèn),題,題是本,世,世紀(jì)重,要,要問(wèn)題,之,之一,其他非,能,能源,問(wèn)題與,環(huán)境的關(guān),係,係,5,人口增加食物需求,增,增加（如,水,水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖）,都會(huì)化造成環(huán)境,衝,衝擊（如,廢,廢水與垃,圾,圾）,區(qū)域性的,變,變化造成全球性的變化（,如,如CO,2,排放造成,全,全球增溫,、,、SARS、禽流,感,感）,資源利用,必,必須考慮永續(xù)性（如垃圾,分,分類與再,生,生、海洋,牧,牧場(chǎng)）,價(jià)值觀（如生態(tài),保,保育、生,物,物多樣性,）,）,環(huán)境問(wèn)題,的,的起源與,相,相關(guān)議題,6,人口問(wèn)題(Human Population),環(huán)境的永,續(xù),續(xù)性觀點(diǎn)(Sustainability),環(huán)境問(wèn)題,的,的全球觀(GlobalPerspective),都市化問(wèn),題,題(Urbanization),科學(xué)與價(jià),值,值觀(ScienceandValue),環(huán)境科學(xué),的,的基本問(wèn),題,題與觀點(diǎn),7,過(guò)去35,年,年，全球,人,人口迅速,暴,暴增（從25億增,至,至61億,）,）：人口,炸,炸彈,(PopulationBomb),人口問(wèn)題,乃,乃是造成,環(huán),環(huán)境惡化,的,的根本問(wèn),題,題,8,1970,年,年中期，Sahel 區(qū)因,乾,乾旱造成,糧,糧食缺乏,以,以致於約,有,有500,000,非,非洲人餓,死,死，數(shù)百,萬(wàn),萬(wàn)人因營(yíng),養(yǎng),養(yǎng)不良。,乾旱雖然,不,不是非洲,新,新的問(wèn)題,，,，但是因,為,為人口急,速,速增長(zhǎng)超,越,越環(huán)境可,以,以承受的,承,承載量(carryingcapacity)以致,造,造成非洲,飢,飢荒問(wèn)題,。,。,人類與環(huán),境,境乃是相,互,互影響。,人口過(guò)多,所,所造成的,環(huán),環(huán)境問(wèn)題,：,：非洲,的,的飢荒為,例,例,9,人口過(guò)多,所,所造成的,環(huán),環(huán)境問(wèn)題,：,：以臺(tái),灣,灣為例,山坡地的,不,不當(dāng)開(kāi)墾,造,造成土石,流,流，其部,份,份因素乃,是,是人口的,增,增長(zhǎng)擴(kuò)大,土,土地資源,的,的需求所,造,造成。,因人口的,增,增長(zhǎng)對(duì)於,水,水產(chǎn)資源,需,需求的增,加,加，沿海,地,地區(qū)許多,良,良田被挖,掘,掘成養(yǎng)殖,池,池，且因,超,超抽地下,水,水而造成,地,地層下陷,。,。,人口過(guò)多,所,所造成的,環(huán),環(huán)境問(wèn)題,：,：以臺(tái),灣,灣為例,10,人口持續(xù),增,增長(zhǎng)所應(yīng),思,思索的問(wèn),題,題,11,對(duì)於資源,與,與環(huán)境而,言,言，永續(xù),性,性意指,：,1.資,源,源收穫量,之,之永續(xù)(sustainableresource harvest),2.生,態(tài),態(tài)系統(tǒng)之,永,永續(xù)(sustainableecosystem),對(duì)人類社,會(huì),會(huì)而言，,永續(xù)性,意,意指,：,1.永,續(xù),續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)(sustainableeconomy),2.永,續(xù),續(xù)發(fā)展(sustainabledevelopment,),永續(xù)性,(Sustainability),12,CarryingCapacity isdefinedas,themaximumnumber of individuals ofa species thatcanbe sustainedbyan environment without decreasing the capacity of the environment tosustainthat same amount inthefuture,.,地球?qū)θ?口,口的承載,量,量是多少,？,？,承,載,載,量,量,(CarryingCapacity),13,區(qū),域,域,性,性,的,的,環(huán),環(huán),境,境,改,改,變,變,會(huì),會(huì),影,影,響,響,到,到,全,全,球,球,的,的,變,變,化,化=,環(huán),環(huán),境,境,問(wèn),問(wèn),題,題,是,是,全,全,球,球,性,性,的,的,問(wèn),問(wèn),題,題,。,。,例,例,如,如,，,，,溫,溫,室,室,氣,氣,體,體,的,的,排,排,放,放,。,。,GaiaHypothesis(proposedbyJamesLovelock):TheEarthisalive;asin,g,l,e,entity;anorganism.,“TheenvironmentatagloballevelhasbeenprofoundlychangedbylifeoverthehistoryoflifeonEarth;Thesechangeshavetendedtoimprovethechancesforcontinuationoflife.,”,”,全,球,球,觀,觀,(GlobalPerspective),14,已,開(kāi),開(kāi),發(fā),發(fā),國(guó),國(guó),家,家,：,：75%,人,人,口,口,居,居,住,住,在,在,城,城,市,市,。,。,開(kāi),開(kāi),發(fā),發(fā),中,中,國(guó),國(guó),家,家,：,：38%,人,人,口,口,居,居,住,住,於,於,城,城,市,市,。,。,到,西,西,元,元2025,年,年,，,，2/3,人,人,口,口,（,（,約,約50,億,億,）,）,居,居,住,住,於,於,城,城,市,市,。,。,大,部,部,分,分,的,的,大,大,都,都,會(huì),會(huì),區(qū),區(qū),都,都,靠,靠,近,近,河,河,川,川,與,與,海,海,岸,岸,，,，,都,都,市,市,化,化,造,造,成,成,環(huán),環(huán),境,境,的,的,衝,衝,擊,擊,包,包,括,括,：,：,河,河,川,川,改,改,觀,觀,、,、,良,良,田,田,與,與,濕,濕,地,地,消,消,失,失,等,等,。,。,過(guò)去環(huán),保,保組織,大,大都將,重,重點(diǎn)放,在,在非都,會(huì),會(huì)區(qū)，,例,例如，,野,野生動(dòng),物,物保育,、,、即將,絕,絕跡生,物,物之保,護(hù),護(hù)、自,然,然資源,保,保育等,。,。,未來(lái)所,關(guān),關(guān)注的,重,重點(diǎn)將,包,包括都,會(huì),會(huì)區(qū)的,環(huán),環(huán)保問(wèn),題,題。,都市化,(Urbanization),15,“我們,未,未來(lái)想,要,要有怎,樣,樣的環(huán),境,境？”,解決環(huán),境,境問(wèn)題,的,的決策,需,需要科,學(xué),學(xué)與價(jià),值,值觀。,科學(xué)提,供,供我們,對(duì),對(duì)環(huán)境,的,的選擇,：,：什麼,是,是可能,的,的？什,麼,麼是不,可,可能的,？,？,對(duì)環(huán)境,的,的抉擇,必,必須仰,賴,賴價(jià)值,觀,觀。,科學(xué)與,價(jià),價(jià)值觀,(ScienceandValue),16,經(jīng)濟(jì)觀,的,的判斷(Utilitarian Justification),生態(tài)觀,的,的判斷(EcologicalJustification),美感觀,的,的判斷(AestheticJustification),道德觀,的,的判斷(Moral Justification),價(jià)值觀,的,的判斷,(Justification),17,GAIA Hypothesis,黑面皮,鷺,鷺的生,存,存權(quán),貓頭鷹,的,的生存,權(quán),權(quán),珊瑚礁,的,的保育,問(wèn),問(wèn)題,石頭的,生,生存權(quán),：,：,DoRocksHave Right?ByRoderickNash.,結(jié)語(yǔ)：,批,批判思,考,考的問(wèn),題,題,18,演講完,畢,畢，謝,謝,謝觀看,！,！,